How AES Works

Keyed Permutations

"What is the mathematical term for a one-to-one correspondence?"

The answer is bijection

Resisting Bruteforce

"What is the name for the best single-key attack against AES?"

Biclique attackWikipedia

This attack only lower the key space slightly.

Structure of AES

Round Keys

Confusion through Substitution

Diffusion through Permutation

Bringing It All Together